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Features of the Jewish calendar

The account of years in the Jewish chronology is conducted from creation of the world (for example, 2000 on the Jewish chronology was 5760).

In a Torah it is spoken about the first day of creation: " Both evening was, and there was a morning, day one " and consequently day in the Jewish calendar begin with evening, with a sunset. Accordingly, all Jewish holidays begin with a sunset.

Readout of months in the Jewish calendar is connected to cycles of the moon. The Jewish month always begins in a new moon. In the Jewish tradition the beginning of each month refers to Rosh-Hodesh(" a head of month "); this day read special prays. Month will consist from 29 ("incomplete" month) or 30 days ("full" month). These are lunar months, their general duration - a cycle time of the moon around of the ground - it is equal to 354 days.

Thus, lunar year is shorter solar, in which, as is known, than 365 days. If the Jewish year was lunar, the same date of the Jewish calendar could drop out on different seasons. However from the point of view of the Jewish tradition it is inadmissible, as the Torah orders, that month Nisan in which Jews celebrate Pesah, always fell to spring.

Therefore readout of years in the Jewish tradition is connected with solar, instead of lunar, cycles. Year solar also is equal the Jewish tradition to 365 days - to a time interval in which the ground makes a full revolution around of the sun. There is a difference in 11 days between lunar year - total of days in all Jewish months (354 days) - and solar. To liquidate this difference and to bring the Jewish calendar into accord both with lunar, and with solar cycles, the system of usual and leap years has been entered. Usual Jewish year will consist of 12 months: Nissan, Iyar, Sivan, Tammuz, Av, Elul, Tishri, Cheshvan, Kislev, Tevet, Shevat, Adar.

Time in some years add 13-th month which "destroys" a difference between the lunar and solar calendar, collected for some years. Such year name leap. In it two Adar (Adar 1-st and Adar 2-nd). The full cycle of years is equal the Jewish calendar to 19 years. In a nineteen-year annual cycle there are twelve "simple" and seven leap-years. The order of following of simple and leap years is always identical.

Thus, the Jewish calendar - лунно-solar. It differs from the European calendar based only on a solar cycle, therefore each date of a лунно-solar Jewish calendar in different years falls at different numbers of the European calendar, but always on the same season.